英诺森十一世资料（2/2）

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OdescalchiwasastrongpapalcandidateafterthedeathofPopeClementIX(1667¨C69)in1669,buttheFrenchgovernmentrejectedhim(makinguseofthenow－abolishedveto).AfterPopeClementX(1670¨C76)died,LouisXIVofFrance(1643¨C1715)againintendedtousehisroyalinfluenceagainstOdescalchi‘‘ion.Instead,believingthecardinalsaswellastheRomanpeoplewereofonemindintheirdesiretohaveOdescalchiastheirPope,LouisreluctantlyinstructedtheFrenchpartycardinalstoacquiesceinhiscandidacy.OnSeptember21,1676,OdescalchiwaschosenClementX‘ssuccessorandtookthenameofInnocentXI.

[edit]ReformingtheVaticanadministration

Immediatelyuponhisaccession,InnocentXIturnedallhiseffortstowardsreducingtheexpensesoftheCuria.Hepassedstrictordinancesagainstnepotismamongthecardinals.Helivedveryparsimoniouslyandexhortedthecardinalstodothesame.Inthismannerhenotonlysquaredtheannualdeficitwhichathisaccessionhadreachedthesumof170,000scudi,butwithinafewyearsthepapaliewaseveninexcessoftheexpenditures.Helostnotimeindeclaringandpracticallymanifestinghiszealasareformerofmannersandacorrectorofadministrativeabuses.Beginningwiththeclergy,hesoughttoraisethelaityalsotoahighermoralstandardofliving.In1679hepubliclycondemnedsixty－fivepropositions,takenchieflyfromthewritingsofEscobar,Suarezandothercasuists(mostlyJesuitcasuists,whohadbeenheavilyattackedbyPascalinhisProvincialLetters)aspropositioneslaxorummoralistarumandforbadeanyonetoteachthemunderpenaltyofemunication.[1]Hecondemnedinparticularthemostradicalformofmentalreservation(strictementalis)whichauthorizeddeceptionwithoutanoutrightlie.

PersonallynotunfriendlytoMigueldeMolinos,InnocentXIneverthelessyieldedtotheenormouspressurebroughttobearuponhimtoconfirmin1687thejudgementoftheinquisitorsbywhichsixty－eightquietistpropositionsofMolinoswerecondemnedasblasphemousandheretical.

[edit]Encyclicals

Sollicitudopastoralis(FosteringandPreservingtheOrdersofMenReligious)

CoelestisPastor(CondemningtheerrorsofMolinos)

[edit]Foreignrelations

InnocentXIdispatchedFerdinandod‘AddaasnunciototheKingdomofEngland,thefirstrepresentativeoftheChurchtogotothatlandinmorethanonehundredyears.Evenso,thePopedidnotapprovetheimprudentmannerinwhichJamesIIattemptedtorestoreCatholicisminEngland.HealsorepeatedlyexpressedhisdispleasureatthesupportwhichJamesIIgavetotheautocraticKingLouisXIVinhismeasureshostiletotheChurch.Itis,therefore,notsurprisingthatInnocentXIhadlittlesympathyfortheCatholicKingofEngland,andthathedidnotassisthiminhishouroftrial.Thereare,however,nogroundsfortheaccusationthatInnocentXIwasinformedofthedesignswhichWilliamIIIofEngland(1689¨C1702)haduponEngland,muchlessthathesupportedhimintheoverthrowofJamesII.[2]

ItwasduetoInnocentXI‘searnestandincessantexhortationsthattheGermanEstatesandKingJohnIIIofPoland(1674¨C96)in1683hastenedtothereliefofViennawhichwasbeingbesiegedbytheTurks.Afterthesiegewasraised,InnocentXIagainsparednoeffortstoinducetheChristianprincestolendahelpinghandfortheexpulsionoftheTurksfromHungary.HecontributedmillionsofscuditotheTurkishwarfundinAustriaandHungaryandhadthesatisfactionofsurvivingthecaptureofBelgrade,September6,1688.[2]

[edit]RelationswithFrance

ThewholepontificateofInnocentXIismarkedbyacontinuousstrugglewiththeabsolutismofLouisXIV.Asearlyas1673,theKinghadbyhisownpowerextendedtherightofther¨galeovertheprovincesofLanguedoc,Guyenne,Provence,andDauphin¨,whereithadpreviouslynotbeenexercised.AlltheeffortsofInnocentXItoinduceLouisXIVtorespecttherightsoftheChurchwereuseless.In1682,theKingconvokedanassemblyoftheFrenchclergywhichadoptedthefourfamousarticles,whichbecameknownastheGallicanLiberties.InnocentXIannulledthefourarticlesonApril11,1682,andrefusedhisapprobationtoallfutureepiscopalcandidateswhohadtakenpartintheassembly.[1]

ToappeasethePope,LouisXIVbegantoactasazealotofCatholicism.In1685LouisXIVrevokedtheEdictofNantesandinauguratedacruelpersecutionoftheProtestants.InnocentXIexpressedhisdispleasureatthesedrasticmeasuresandcontinuedtowithholdhisapprobationfromtheepiscopalcandidates.HeirritatedtheKingstillmorethatsameyearbyabolishingthemuchabusedrightofasylum,bywhichtheforeignambassadorsatRomehadbeenabletoharborintheirembassiesanycriminalwhowaswantedbythepapalcourtofjustice.InnocentXInotifiedthenewFrenchambassador,MarquisdeLavardin,thathewouldnotberecognizedasambassadorinRomeunlessherenouncedthisright,butLouisXIVwouldnotgiveitup.Attheheadofanarmedforceofabout800menLavardinenteredRomeinNovember1687,andtookforciblepossessionofhispalace.InnocentXItreatedhimasemunicatedandplacedunderinterdicttheChurchofSt.LouisatRomewhereheattendedservicesonDecember24,1687.[2]

[edit]Colognecontroversy

ThetensionbetweenthePopeandtheKingofFrancewasstillincreasedbytheInnocentXI‘sprocedureinfillingthevacantarchiepiscopalseeofCologne.ThetwocandidatesfortheseewereCardinalWilliamEgonofF¨¹rstenberg,thenBishopofStrasbourg,andJosephClement,abrotherofMaxEmanuel,ElectorofBavaria.TheformerwasawillingtoolinthehandsofLouisXIV,andhisappointmentasArchbishopandPrince－electorofColognewouldhaveimpliedFrenchpreponderanceinnorth－westernGermany.JosephClementwasnotonlythecandidateofEmperorLeopoldIofAustria(1658¨C1705)butofallEuropeanrulers,withtheexceptionoftheKingofFranceandhissupporter,KingJamesIIofEngland(1685¨C88).Attheelection,whichtookplaceonJuly19,1688,neitherofthecandidatesreceivedtherequirednumberofvotes.Thedecision,therefore,felltoInnocentXI,whodesignatedJosephClementasArchbishopandElectorofCologne.LouisXIVretaliatedbytakingpossessionofthepapalterritoryofAvignon,imprisoningthepapalnuncioandappealingtoageneralcouncil.NordidheconcealhisintentiontoseparatetheFrenchChurchentirelyfromRome.ThePoperemainedfirm.ThesubsequentfallofJamesIIinEnglanddestroyedFrenchpreponderanceinEuropeandsoonafterInnocentXI‘sdeath(1689)thestrugglebetweenLouisXIVandthepapacywassettledinfavouroftheChurch.[1]

[edit]Deathandbeatification

MonumenttoPopeInnocentXI,St.Peter‘sBasilica.InnocentXIdiedafteralongperiodofillhealthonAugust12,1689.

Thecaseforhiscanonizationwasintroducedin1714buttheinfluenceofFranceforcedittobesuspendedin1744.Inthe20thcenturyitwasreintroduced,andPopePiusXII(1939¨C58)announcedhisbeatificationonOctober7,1956.

ThefeastdayofPopeInnocentXIisAugust12.

[edit]ThefirstincorruptbodyofaPope?

InnocentXI,whenexhumedfromhistombforbeatification,wasreportedlysurprisinglywellpreserved.[citationneeded]TodayhisbodylieswiththebodiesofPopeStPiusX(1903¨C14)andBlPopeJohnXXIII(1958¨C63)attheVatican.Thefaceandhandsarelinedwithsilvercoating.Hismonument(1697－1704)inSaintPeter‘swasdesignedandsculptedbyPietroStefanoMonnot.

[edit]WritingsaboutPopeInnocentXI

RitaMonaldiandFrancescoSorti,intheirnovelImprimatur(2002),castadifferentandmorecontroversiallightonthatPope,buildingacaseagainsthiscanonization.Theydepictaselfishpolitician,betrayingtheRomanCatholicChurch‘sinterestsinthehopeofrecoveringapersonaldebt.Althoughthebookdoesnotpretendtobeofscholarlyvalue,anappendixofvariousnotesanddocumentsspanningaboutfortypagesattheendofthetextallowsacriticalreviewoftheauthors‘researches.

[edit]Notes

^abcdKelly,287

^abcKelly,288

[edit]References

Kelly,J.N.D.,TheOxfordHistoryofthePopes,OxfordUniversityPress,1986.ISBN0192820850.

Thisarticleincorporatestextfromthepublic－domainCatholicEncyclopediaof1913.

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